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P | R | S | V
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V | W
To
access a listing of embroidery textile terms, click on a letter above. |
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-A- |
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3D
Foam: Foam that is used to add dimension to an
embroidery pattern that is typically used on caps. The 3D Foam is
placed on the topside of the pattern and stitched over with
shortened stitches to cut the Foam. The excessive foam is then
pulled away from the embroidery giving a 3D appearance. 3D Foams are
available in various thickness. |
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Appliqu?
1) Decoration or trimming cut from one piece of fabric and stitched
to another, usually with a satin stitch, to add dimension and
texture. If the appliqu?occupies a significant amount of the
design, the stitch count can be reduced. 2) In Schiffli embroidery,
an embroidered motif is usually cut away from the base fabric and
then stitched onto the finished product. |
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Arm Machine:
Embroidery machine that has an arm or cylinder that the hook and bobbin are
mounted in. Allows the use of special frames for embroidering caps,
socks, inside pockets, etc. The cylinder-shaped arm allows goods to
curve around the cylinder for embroidery.
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Automatic Color
Change: The ability
of a multi-needle embroidery machine to follow a command to change
to another specified needle with a different color thread in it.
Many embroidery heads have as many as ten needles allowing the
digitizer to program the use of ten different thread colors without
stopping the machine. |
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-B- |
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Backing:
Woven or non-woven material used underneath the item being
embroidered to provide support and stability. Sometimes referred to
as a stabilizer in the home embroidery market. Backing can be large
enough to be hooped with the item being embroidered, or placed
between the machine needle plate and the hooped garment. Available
in various weights and in various types of material that can be
either in precut sheets or rolls. Backings can also be cutaway,
tear-away, or specialty. See also Toppings & 3D-foam. |
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Bean Stitch:
Three
stitches placed back and forth between two points. Often used for
outlining because it provides a bolder stitch appearance than a run
stitch and requires fewer stitches than a satin
stitch. |
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Bird Nesting: Collection of thread between the fabric
being sewn and the needle plate that generally causes thread breaks
and sewing problems. Bird nesting can be caused by improper thread
tension (needle thread tension too loose); machine not threaded
properly; bobbin case not installed properly; excessive flagging;
and poor digitizing. |
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Bobbin: Small spool or reel that is wound with the thread
used on lockstitch machines. Bobbins can be wound on the sewing
machine or come pre-wound from the thread supplier. Generally,
pre-wound bobbins contain much higher yardage than machine wound
bobbins allowing for fewer bobbin changes. The most common bobbin
size for embroidery machines is a style
揕?bobbin, even though
other special large hook machines may use style 揗?bobbins. One
of the most common pre-wound bobbins used is a T-16 (V-15) CF
polyester bobbin. |
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Bobbin Case: Round assembly that applies tension to the
bobbin thread and holds the bobbin in the machine. The latch
mechanism locks the bobbin case into the hook. It is important that
the embroidery machine operator be trained to properly install the
bobbin case in the machine to minimize costly repairs of the
machine. After the bobbin case in properly positioned to the bobbin
case holder in the hook, it should then snap on the spindle when it
is fully loaded. Most embroidery machines use an
揕?size bobbin
and bobbin case; even though sometimes larger hook styles are used. |
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Bobbin Tension: Bobbin thread tension should be set so
very little thread is consumed in each stitch. Therefore, the bobbin
thread is tight enough to consistently hold the needle thread down
on the underneath side of the embroidered item. See tension. |
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Bridge Machine:
Embroidery
machine with two shafts, one for the hook assembly and one for the
needle assembly. Sewing heads are suspended from a beam allowing for
larger sewing fields than an arm machine. Bridge machines are
accessible from both back and the front of the machine through the
揵ridge?
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Buckram:
Coarse, woven backing fabric that is usually
very stiff. It is used to stabilize fabric for stitching and
commonly used in caps to hold the front panel with the embroidery
pattern erect. |
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-C-
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Cap Frames: Specialized
embroidery frames (hoops) designed to hold finished caps for
embroidering. Cap frames are available for flatbed machines where
the finished cap flattened for sewing and for use on arm or
cylinder bed machines for sewing the cap in it抯
natural curved
shape.
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Chainstitch:
Stitch that resembles a chain link formed
with one thread fed from the bottom side of the fabric. Done on a
manual or computerized machine with a hook that functions like a
needle. |
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Check
Spring: Part of the
needle thread tension assembly or tensioner that assists in properly
controlling the needle thread to set a good stitch with minimum
sewing interruptions. See also take-up
spring.
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Chenille:
Form of embroidery in which a loop (moss)
stitch is formed on the topside of the fabric. Uses heavy yarns of
wool, cotton or acrylic. Created by a chainstitch machine that has
been adjusted to form this stitch type. Also known as loop piling. |
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Column
Stitch: Formed by closely placed zigzag stitches
that are often used to form borders. Also commonly known as satin
stitch. |
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Complex
Fill: Refers to a digitizing capability that
allows areas to be designated as voids at the same time the
design抯
edges, or perimeter points, are defined. The design can
thus be digitized as one fill area, instead of being broken down
into multiple sections. |
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Condensed Fill:
Method of digitizing in which a design is
saved in a skeletal form. A proportionate number of stitches may
later be placed between defined points after scale, density, and
stitch lengths in a design may be changed. See expanded
format. |
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Cylinder
Spring: Refers to
machines with
揷ylinder?beds. The hook assembly is housed in a
cylinder-shaped arm, allowing goods to curve around the cylinder for
embroidery. |
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Design:
Stitches that compose a pattern or monogram. |
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Design Library/Catalog:
A computer program that
catalogs a collection of digitized designs kept by embroidery shops
allowing an embroiderer to access the design by subject, stitch
count, number of colors, or icon. |
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Digitize:
The computerized method of converting artwork
into a series of commands to be read by an embroidery machine抯
computer. Digitizing is extremely important and will determine the
quality of the finished embroidery. Every action of the embroidery
machine is controlled by the digitized program including the
movement of the pantograph to form various stitches, thread changes,
thread trims, and many other functions. See punching. |
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Digitizing
Tablet: A computer-aided design device used by
digitizers to plot needle penetration for embroidery designs.
Typically, a pencil drawing of the design is enlarged and then taped
to this tablet. The digitizer then uses a mouse to select stitch
types, shapes, underlay, and actual needle penetrations. |
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Disk
Reader: An external or internal device used to read
the digitized program that determines the embroidery machine
movements. |
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Editing:
Changing aspects of a design device via a
computerized editing program. Most programs allow the user to scale
designs up or down, edit stitches block by block; merge lettering
with the design; move aspects of the design around; and combine
designs or edit machine commands. |
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Emblem:
Embroidered design with a finished edge; commonly
an insignia of identification; usually worn on the outer clothing.
Historically, an emblem carried a motto or verse or suggested a
moral lesson. Also know as a crest or patch. |
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Embroidery:
Embroidery is
搕hread art?used to
embellish a garment, hat or some other product by adding a sewn
pattern. Generally, this sewn pattern includes a design and can also
include lettering and/or monograms. |
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Embroidery
Machine:
Today, embroidery machines can be defined as computer driven
machines that move a pantograph with hooped items in various
directions to form different stitches. Embroidery machines can be
single-head units or come in multiples of heads with multiple
needles per head for production embroidery applications. |
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Embroidery
Point: Unit of
measurement in embroidery in which 10 points equals 1mm or 1 point
equals .1 mm. |
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Expanded
Format: A design program in which individual
stitches in a design have been specifically digitized for a certain
size. Designs punched in this format cannot generally be enlarged or
reduced more than 10 percent to 20 percent without distortion
because stitch count remains constant. |
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-F-
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Fabric Grin
Through: Where the fabric is seen through the
embroidery design either in the middle of the pattern or on the
edge. See also gapping. |
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Fill
Stitches: One of the three most common stitches used
in embroidery along with the run stitches and satin stitches. Fill
stitches are used to cover large areas and they generally have a
flat look. Altering the angle, length and direction of the stitched
pattern can create different types of fill patterns. |
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Finishing:
Processes performed after embroidery is
complete. Includes trimming loose threads, cutting or tearing away
excess backing, removing topping, cleaning any stains, pressing or
steaming to remove wrinkles or hoop marks; and packing for sale or
shipment. |
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Flagging:
The up and down motion of the material with the
needle that is caused by improper hooping, the presser foot not
being properly adjusted (too much clearance with needle plate), and
improper fabric stabilization (incorrect backing). Named because
of its resemblance to a waving flag. Flagging generally causes
improper needle loop formation that can lead to skipped stitches and
thread breakage. Flagging can also negatively impact the appearance
of the finished product resulting in poor design registration. |
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Flat
Embroidery: Embroidery
that is cut in panels or patches that is framed in hoops on a flat
surface above the embroidery machine抯
hook assembly.
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Frame:
Holding device for goods to be embroidered.
Ensures stability of the goods during the sewing process. May employ
a number of means for maintaining stability during the embroidery
process, including clamps, vacuum devices, magnets, or springs. See hoop. |
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Frame
Sash: Part of the
pantograph to hold the frames. Also called a sash. Varieties of sash
types include: border, frame, tubular, cap, and sock. |
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Framing Press:
Machine used to aid the framing or
hooping process.
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-G-
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Gapping:
Where the fabric is seen through the embroidery
design either in the middle of the pattern or on the edge. See also fabric
grin through. |
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-H-
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Hook
Assembly: Stitch
forming devise used to interlock the needle thread with the bottom
thread. The hook assembly consists of the following components: hook
base, bobbin case holder, retainer or gib, deflector plate, bobbin
case, and bobbin.
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Hoop:
Device made from plastic, metal, or wood that grips
the fabric tightly between an inner and outer ring and attaches to
the machine抯
pantograph. Machine hoops are designed to push the
fabric to the bottom of the inner ring and hold it against the
machine bed for sewing. |
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Hooping:
Also called
揻raming? The process where
the item to be embroidered is loaded into a hoop. This hoop will
later be loaded or attached to the pantograph for sewing. |
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Hooping
Board: Board
designed to hold the outer portion of the hoop while the goods to be
embroidered are placed over the board to be hooped.
Once the goods are aligned and placed correctly over the
outer hoop, the operator inserts the inner portion of the hoop. Then
the hoop is removed from the Hooping Board and attached to the
pantograph for sewing. Helps
ensure uniform placement of the hoop onto the material.
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-J-
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Jumbo Rotary
Hook: Rotary hook,
which holds a bobbin case with a much larger thread capacity than a
standard hook. |
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Jump
Stitch: Movement of the pantograph and rotation of
the sewing head without the needle moving up and down. Used to move
from one point in a design to another. Also, used to create stitches
that are longer than the machine would normally allow. |
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Lettering:
Embroidery using letters or words. Often
called
搆eyboard lettering.?Usually computer generated either
on the machine or a stand-alone computer. |
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Locking
Stitch: Commonly refers to a series of three to
four very small stitches (1 mm or less) either just before a trim or
at the beginning of sewing following a thread trim. Also referred to
as Tie In or Tie Off stitches. Used to prevent the stitching from
unraveling after the embroidery is completed. |
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Lockstitch:
The name used for a stitch that is formed with a needle and bobbin
thread. The needle thread is interlocked with the bobbin thread to
form a stitch. Also referred to as ISO4915, stitch number 301. On
apparel sewing applications other than embroidery, a well-balanced
lockstitch will use the same amount of needle thread as bobbin
thread. On embroidery applications, this is not true because you
never want to see the bobbin thread on the topside of the sewn
product. Therefore the needle thread is held on the underneath side
by the bobbin thread. |
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Lockstitch
Machine: Machine that forms a stitch using a needle and hook
assembly. Most embroidery machines are lockstitch machines. |
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Logo:
Name, symbol or trademark of a company or
organizations. Short for logotype. |
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Looping:
Loops on the surface of embroidery generally
cause by poor top tension or tension problems. Typically occurs when
polyester top thread has been improperly tensioned. Looping can also
occur as the result of a skipped stitch. |
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Low
Speed Function: Setting on the machine that allows the machine to run at a lower
speed than that set by the speed control knob. |
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Machine
Language: The codes and format used by different
machine manufactures within the embroidery industry. Common formats
include Barudan, Brother, Fortran, Happy, Marco, Meistergram, Melco,
Pfaff, Stellar, Tajima, Toyota, Ultramatic, and ZSK. Most digitized
systems can save designs in these languages so the embroidery
machine can read the computer disk. |
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Marking:
Marking of goods to serve as an aid in
positioning the frame and referencing the needle start points. |
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Mirror:
A program menu option that allows reverse imaging
of a pattern to be sewn. See also rotate
pattern. |
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Modular:
Machine system where many separate stitching
heads or configurations of heads are controlled by a central
computer. |
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Monogram:
Embroidered design of one or more letters,
usually the initials in a name. |
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Moss
Stitch: See chenille. |
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-N-
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Needle:
The stitch forming devise that carries the thread
through the fabric so it can be interlocked with a bobbin thread.
Sewing machine needles generally have nine basic parts including the
butt, shank, shoulder, blade, groove, scarf or spot, eye, point, and
tip. Needles are available with various points. These include:
Sharp
points for piercing heavy, tightly woven fabrics; Ball pointed
needles for sewing knits; and, A variety of specialty points for
sewing leather and vinyl. Needles also come in many sizes. Two of
the most common needle size systems are the metric size (i.e.,60,
70, 75, 80, 90); and the Singer numbering system (i.e.,9, 12, 14,
16). |
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Needle
Bar: Bar that
carries the needle up and down so a stitch can be formed. Each
embroidery machine head can have up to 15 needle bars that can be
selected to form the embroidery stitch pattern.
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Needle
Plate: The metal
plate located above the hook assembly of an embroidery machine. This
plate has a hole in the center through which the needle travels to
reach the hook and form a stitch. Also know as a throat plate.
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Network:
1) To link embroidery machines via a central
computer and disk drive system. 2) A group of machines linked via a
central computer. |
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Nippers:
See
thread clippers. |
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-O-
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Offset: The
ability to move the pantograph out of the stitching area with a
specific movement and then return to the original point. Used for
placing appliqu閟.
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Origin:
The
starting point of your design. |
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-P-
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Pantographs:
A part of the embroidery
machine that rests on the tabletop and moves the hoop to form the
embroidery pattern. |
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Pantograph:
The
bar, rack, or holder on which frames or hoops are attached. The
pantograph moves in X and Y directions to form the embroidery
design, controlled electronically or mechanically depending on the
machine.
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Paper
Tape: Media that is made from a continuous reel of paper or Mylar tape
containing x-y coordinate information used to control the pantograph
movement. Computer disks on newer machines have replaced paper
tapes. Pattern storage media
that is made from a continuous reel of paper or Mylar tape
containing x-y coordinate information used to control the pantograph
movement. Computer disks on newer machines have replaced paper
tapes. |
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Pencil Rub:
A low-cost way of producing a
搒ample?of an embroidery design.
Accomplished by placing a piece of tracing paper over a sewn pattern
and then rubbing lightly with a pencil to produce an impression of
the embroidery. |
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Presser
Foot:
A metal ring around
the needle that touches the fabric inside the hoop while the needle
is down and beginning to rise to form a needle loop. The main
function of the presser foot is to hold the fabric stationary until
the hook point catches the thread loop formed by the needle. It
helps to minimize flagging and therefore indirectly aids in loop
formation. |
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Pre-Tensioner:
Thread tension assembly that is located before that main tension assembly
in the thread path. The function of the pre-tensioner is to apply a
light amount of tension in order to remove any kinks in the thread
prior to entering the main tensioner. See tensioner or
tension assembly.
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Puckering: Result of the fabric
being gathered by the stitches. Causes include incorrect density,
loose hooping, insufficient backing, or incorrect thread tensions. |
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Punching:
Conversion of artwork
into a series of commands to be read by an embroidery machine抯
computer. Derived from an earlier method in paper tapes or Jacquards
punched with holes controlled the movement of the pantograph and
other commands. While still capable of producing paper tape, most
computerized digitizing systems now store this information on a disk
format. |
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Push and Pull Compensation: A degree of distortion
built into a design by the digitizer to compensate for the push or
pull on the fabric caused by the embroidery stitches. This can help
prevent a digitized circle from looking like an egg shape when sewn
out. Generally, it is necessary to extend horizontal elements and
reduce vertical elements. |
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-R-
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Registration:
Correct registration is
achieved when all stitches and design elements line up correctly.
Poor registration can occur when the product being embroidered had
not been hooped properly, improper digitizing, and excessive
flagging. |
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Repeat: Layout
used for making emblems or designs on a fabric span that are
repeated at regular intervals. |
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Rotate
Pattern:
Program parameter that
rotates the design in 90-degree increments counterclockwise, with or
without mirror imaging the design. |
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Run Stitch or
Running Stitch: Made when a single stitch
is formed between two points used for outlining, underlay, and fine
detail. Also known as a running stitch or walk stitch. |
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-S-
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Satin
Stitch: One of the three most common embroidery
stitches used to produce an embroidery design. Formed by closely
arranged zigzag stitches. Can be laid down at any angle and with
varying stitch lengths. Commonly used for lettering and outlining.
Satin stitches can range in width from 1.5 mm to 8 mm, however, the
wider the satin stitch, the more susceptible they are to snagging
and abrasion. |
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Scale:
Program parameter used to expand or condense the
size of the design without changing the number of stitches. A
separate scale parameter is used for each direction. |
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Scanning:
Scanners convert designs into a computer format
allowing the digitizer to use even the most primitive artwork
without recreating the design. Many of digitizing systems allow the
digitizer to transfer the design directly into the digitizing
program without using any intermediary software. |
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Short
Stitch: A digitizing technique that places shorter
stitches in curves or corners to avoid an unnecessary bulky build-up
of stitches. |
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Specialty
Fill: Allows the digitizer to produce special
fill stitch patterns with a
搑elief?or motif design within the
fill-stitch area. |
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Speed
Control: Knob on the embroidery machine that allows
the sewing speed to be adjusted up or down. On most modern
embroidery machines, the speed at which the pattern is stitched
varies according to the length of the stitch. Shorter stitches are
made at higher SPM and longer stitches are made at slower SPM. This
is necessary due to limitations of the movement of the pantograph
and is also determined by the number of heads and/or hoops being
driven by the machine. |
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SPI:
Abbreviation for Stitches Per Inch. A system for
measuring density or the amount of satin stitches in an inch of
embroidery. See also Stitch Density. Most of today抯
embroidery
machines measure needle movement in .1 mm increments. Therefore a
thread space of 4 would be .4 mm in length. |
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SPM:
Abbreviation for Stitches Per Minute that normally
is referring to the running speed of the embroidery machine. Typical
embroidery machine speeds can vary but generally will be between 500
to 1000 SPM. |
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Stabilizer:
See backing. |
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Stitch
Density: Refers to the number of stitches used to
give proper coverage of the pattern without creating a thick, hard
area in the embroidery that may be uncomfortable to the consumer. |
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Stitch
Editing: Digitizing feature that allows one or
more stitches in a pattern to be deleted or altered. |
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Stitchback:
Sewing function that traces back through a
design so skipped stitches and thread breaks can be repaired. |
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Stock
Designs: Digitized generic embroidery designs that
are readily available at a cost below that of custom-digitized
designs. |
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-T-
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Tackle
Twill: Letters or numbers cut from polyester or
rayon twill fabric that are commonly used for athletic teams and
organizations. Tackle twill appliqu?s attached to a garment have
an adhesive backing that tacks in place; the edges of the appliqu?s
are then zigzag stitched. |
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Take Up
Spring: See check spring. |
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Tape Reader:
A device
attached to an embroidery machine that enables the machine to read
an embroidery design from 8-channel paper computer tapes.
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Tatami
Stitch: Series of running stitches used to cover
large areas. Different fill patterns can be created by varying the
length, angle or repeating sequence of the stitches. Also called
fill stitches. |
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Tear away
Backing: A non-woven
material placed under the fabric being embroidered to add stability
to the fabric. Once the pattern is completed, this backing can then
be torn off the design due to the needle penetrations. Typically
used on more stable fabrics such as woven goods. When choosing a tear away
backing, you should test to make sure it tears properly. If
it doesn抰
tear easily enough, it may pull out some of the
stitches. If it doesn抰
tear cleanly, it can leave an ugly, ragged
edge. If the backing tears too easily, it may not provide enough
support for the embroidery pattern. |
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Tension:
Refers to the amount of tension applied to the
threads by the sewing machine, which can be adjusted. Many
embroiderers use the 2/3 Rule meaning that if you look at the
underside of the embroidery after it has been stitched, that you
should see approximately 2/3 needle thread to 1/3 bobbin thread.
Normally this is easy to do because most embroiderers use a white
bobbin thread. Loosening or tightening the needle and bobbin
tensions can accomplish this. Proper machine thread tension is
critical to quality embroidery. |
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Tension
Assembly:
Device
used to apply tension to the needle thread to form a stitch.
Consists of a tension post with take-up spring attached, tension
discs, tension release disc, tension spring and tension nut.
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Tensioner:
Are the devices on the front of the machine
head that controls the tension on the needle thread. Each needle and
thread position has its own Tensioner and all of them should be set
as close as possible to get quality stitching. The thread tension
assembly normally consists of a post, thread tension knob, tension
spring and two tension discs. When the thread tension knob is turned
clockwise, it screws down on the post compressing the tension spring
on the tension discs. This applies more pressure on the needle
thread that is sandwiched between the two tension discs and is
against the post. More tension will pull more needle thread from the
underside allowing more bobbin thread to be seen. |
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Thread:
Embroidery can be sewn with many types and sizes
of threads depending on the desired finished appearance. Embroidery
threads are commonly made from rayon, polyester, cotton and
metallics. Rayon threads are generally made with a twisted
multifilament construction and have a high sheen. Polyester threads
can be made in three different thread constructions including a
twisted multifilament, air entangled and spun construction.
Obviously, cotton threads are only made in a spun construction. Both
spun polyester and spun cotton thread have a
搈atte?or low
sheen appearance. Rayon and Polyester filament threads have a high
sheen. Polyester is stronger than Rayon and has superior color
fastness and abrasion / chemical resistance. Metallics are filament
threads that have the highest luster and are formed with a synthetic
core wrapped in metal foil. Generally metallic threads do not sew as
well as polyester or rayon threads. The most common ticket size for
rayon or polyester embroidery threads is a No. 40, however other
sizes are available. A&E抯 Signature polyester embroidery
thread comes in a variety of sizes including a No. 40, 30, 20, 10
and 3004 used for serging appliqu閟. |
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Thread Break
Detector: Device that detects thread
breakage and stops the machine automatically allowing the operator
to rethread the needle and restart the machine. On multi-head
embroidery machines, when the needle thread breaks on one head, all
the machines stop. Therefore, using a thread that will minimize
thread breakage is recommended to optimize stitching time. |
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Thread Break
Indicator: Small light on the front of the sewing head that
flashes when a thread break is detected. |
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Thread
Clippers: Small spring loaded scissors designed to
be operated with just the thumb and forefinger. Used to clip the
thread. |
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Tie In
Stitches: Small stitches used at the beginning of
a sewing cycle, particularly on satin stitches, to prevent the
thread from pulling out of the embroidery. See also tie
off stitches. |
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Tie Off
Stitches: Small stitches, usually about 1 mm in
length that
搇ock?the stitches in the fabric to prevent the
stitch from unraveling when the thread is trimmed. Without Tie off
stitches the thread can potentially unravel and destroy the
embroidery. They are particularly necessary when making satin
stitches wider than 1.2mm, as satin stitches have a tendency to
unravel more easily than running or fill stitches. |
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Topping:
Materials hooped or placed on top of fabric that
have definable nap or surface texture, such as corduroy and terry
cloth, prior to embroidery. It provides a smooth surface so that the
stitches can be laid down properly and prevents the wale or nap from
interfering with proper stitch appearance. Includes a variety of
substances, such as plastic wrap, water-soluble
揻oil?and
open-weave fabric that has been chemically treated to disintegrate
with the application of heat. Also known as facing. |
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Trimmers:
Thread trimming
device located under the needle plate in the embroidery machine used
to automatically cut the needle and bobbins threads before the
design jumps from one area to another or performs a color change.
This trimming is done when the needle is out of the work and the
take-up is near the top of its stroke.
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Trimming:
Operation in the finishing process that
involves trimming the reverse and top sides of the embroidery,
including jump stitches and backing. |
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Tubular
Embroidery: Embroidery
produced on a cylinder bed embroidery machine that allows tubular
fabric or pre-assembled garments (i.e. sleeves). Allows sewing a
part or the garment after it has been assembled, as compared to
using a flatbed machine to sew fronts or sleeves prior to assembly
the garment.
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-U- -V- -W-
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Underlay Stitches: Stitches in a design that are put down before the design
stitches; used to stabilize the fabric or raise the design so that the fine
detailing is not lost.
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Variable Sizing:
Ability to scale a design to
different sizes. |
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Verify:
Sample Sew-out of a new embroidery
design to make sure the pattern is correct. |
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Walking
Stitch: See running
stitch |
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Technical Information |
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Need
More Information? |
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Glossaries |
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New
Bulletins |
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Performance Measurement |
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Textile
Resources |
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A&E
Technical Services |
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Internet Sites |
AATCC:
American
Association of Textile Chemist and Colorists.
www.aatcc.org
ATMI:
American Textile Manufacturing Institute.
www.atmi.org
North
Carolina Center for Applied Textile Technology: Part of
the NC Community College System, NCCATT provides instruction in
textile technology and related fields.
www.nccatt.org/home.asp |
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Technology |
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